A gaggle of Canada geese crosses a path in Cincinnati's Sharon Woods. Photo courtesy of Konstantin Vasserman.
Last January 15, the celebrated level heads of US Air Flight 1549’s captain and crew saved 155 lives, and brought Americans together around a rare event: heroism untainted by politics or villains. The plane had flown from New York’s La Guardia Airport into a flock of geese, lost the use of both engines, and landed safely on the Hudson River.
But the accident was nearly disastrous, and New York City officials were quick to declare their commitment to preventing future goose airstrikes.
“Lives are at stake here,” said Queens City Councilman David Weprin. “And that is why we must work together to mitigate the hazard. We cannot afford to wait until another accident occurs.”
The city faced the task of somehow cracking down on a problem they had been battling for years: large birds sharing New York City’s airways. Despite the use of techniques both lethal (shooting and gassing), and non-lethal (harassment and “egg-addling” to stop embryo development) to keep geese away from airports, the number of wildlife airstrikes increased from 1,759 in 1990 to 7,666 in 2007.
So the scuttled engines were returned to Cincinnati for analysis by their maker, CFM International. CFM found the engines had indeed been jammed by birds, and sent tissue samples to the Smithsonian Institute’s Feather Lab, which identifies bird remains for the USDA’s Wildlife Services program. Scientists at the Feather Lab used DNA analysis to identify the tissues as remains of Canada geese–at least two females and one male. And then, because of the accident’s high profile, they used a new technique to learn more about the birds.
A Canada Goose forages in Kentucky's Bernheim Arboretum. Image courtesy of Mary Darling, www.darlingarts.com
A New Way to Read Bird Remains
The scientists knew that hydrogen was found in different isotopes (versions with more and fewer neutrons) at different global latitudes. So they looked closely at the hydrogen atoms in the birds’ tissues, and found that they came from a latitude near Canada’s Labrador province.
The remains found in Flight 1549’s engines, they found, resembled that of migratory birds from around Labrador, and bore little resemblance to tissue samples from local resident birds.
Why was this important? Because it indicated that Flight 1549 had sucked members of a migratory flock into its engines, not resident New York birds.
Hailed as an important clue for managing birdstrikes, this finding was published and discussed during four months of meetings among the New York’s local and state governments and transport authorities.
Unexpected scapegeese
Some New Yorkers were therefore taken aback by the city’s response, which was to catch and gas up to 2,000 of New York City’s resident geese.
“We are sending some of these geese for a well-deserved rest up in the sky, wherever geese go,” New York’s mayor Michael Bloomberg was quoted as saying, in response to questions about public protests.
Maggie Brasted, Director of Urban Wildlife Conflict for the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), explained the discrepancy between the Feather Lab’s finding and the city’s action, as “political cover” for lethal measures that the public had never supported.
To Brasted, Flight 1549 underscored the failure of lethal methods on Rikers Island, a prison site near La Guardia Airport whose landscape attracts large numbers of geese. HSUS hired a landscape architect to recommend landscaping changes to the island, she said, but the city had never responded.
“They’ve been killing geese on Riker’s Island for years,” said Brasted, “[but] that’s temporary, short-term. If you don’t change the habitat, they’ll just reproduce more successfully, and refill that habitat.”
But Martin Lowney, Director of New York’s Wildlife Services, the agency paid to exterminate the geese, saw the city’s failure to reduce geese numbers as evidence that more lethal control was needed.
“The population went from 101,000 geese in 1991 to 250,000 geese in 2008 because the state of NY had embraced a non-lethal policy,” he said. “Cities and towns for several decades have been harassing geese, and it’s been a huge failure.”
Lowney disagreed with the Feather Lab’s conclusion, arguing that the geese could still be New York residents, who had summered in Labrador as part of a “molt migration.”
But either way, said Lowney, “it doesn’t matter. I think what matters is you shouldn’t have geese near the airport. It just doesn’t matter whether the goose is a resident or a migrant.”
A battle of undisclosed values
The conflicting conclusions of policy voices such as Brasted’s and Lowney’s, given the same information, point to the predominance of values and political pressures over scientific findings, in forming New York City’s policy toward geese. Both spokespeople made it clear that their perspectives on goose control were formed before–not in response to–information emerging about Flight 1549.
The matter begs a question not yet common in animal policy discussions: How did policy players value the geese themselves?
While New Yorkers protested the killing on the basis of both inhumaneness and ineffectiveness, official policy voices almost uniformly resisted discussing humaneness as a relevant policy concern.
Peter Marra, a migratory bird biologist and spokesman for the Smithsonian National Zoo, said humaneness was too hard to define. “I have less of a problem with that, because what is humane?” he asked. “It’s a matter of scale, in a lot of ways.”
To Brasted of the HSUS, humaneness was beside the point: “That kind of gets into a side issue of how are we killing them and is it nice enough. We need not to kill them at all.”
David Feld, Executive Director of the non-profit organization GeesePeace, also side-stepped the issue. “We’re not an org that is animal protection or animal welfare,” he said. “Our goal is better communities.”
Curiously, Wildlife Services director Lowney was the only spokesperson interviewed for this article who would comment on humaneness. He said he was present for the death of one batch of geese.
“I watched it to see–it seems humane, the birds don’t seem to suffer, it met the [American Veterinary Medical Association's] criteria for humaneness.”
Actually, he admitted, there were no windows in the gas crates to let him see the birds, but he could hear them “talking” after the gas was poured in; within five minutes, he said, the talking stopped.
If humaneness was not a central value in the debate over killing New York City geese, what values drove the controversy?
Recreational value and beauty
As Wildlife Services Director, Lowney was most attuned to the recreational value of geese. For hunters, geese are a key part of their sport, and hunting license sales are a key part of state wildlife agencies’ budgets.
Furthmore, said Lowney, to outdoorspeople in general geese are simply beautiful to look at. But that aesthetic value is limited by overabundance.
Geese are beautiful, but they’ve become so abundant that people aren’t enjoying them anymore.
Intrinsic value
Brasted of HSUS took a different view of geese. Independent of their value or bother to us, she said, they are valuable to themselves.
They’re just animals living their lives. No matter whether an animal is common or rare, whatever label you give it, every animal feels pain, and has the right to exist to live its life.
Ecological value
To the Smithsonian’s Marra, the value of geese depended on the place they occupied within ecosystems. As spokesman he emphasized the importance of basing management policies on detailed information. But in an interview he stressed the greater importance of protecting migratory birds and eliminating resident birds.
It’s essential to continue to reduce resident populations, but I would never advocate for the removal of a natural process, system or behavior, to minimize bird strikes. In this case, there’s a clear line between resident geese and migratory birds; they [resident geese] are not natural.
Value of community-building opportunities
David Feld of GeesePeace saw the geese’s role in Flight 1549 as part of another larger issue. In accordance with Geesepeace’s goal of helping communities solve goose problems collaboratively, Feld viewed each conflict as an opportunity to draw upon humans’ finer qualities, including compassion.
Personally, I think it’s very important that what we do is an expression of the best of the human spirit. . . Our goal is better communities. And we get there by considering the means as well as the ends.
Implications for Cincinnati
Questions of how (and whether) to coexist with deer, coyotes, and other wild animals arise almost weekly in Cincinnati’s newspapers and community bulletins. If we can understand the ways that we and our neighbors value these different animals, we will be better equipped to guide our neighborhoods towards consensus decisions honoring safety, compassion, and the diversity of other values we place upon our community’s animals.
